This is part of a SPACE.com series of articles on the Greatest Moments in Flight, the breakthrough events that paved the way for human spaceflight and its next steps: asteroid mining and bases on the moon and Mars.
Humanity's tree-dwelling ancestors probably never dreamed that their descendants could eventually fly aboard airships, winged aircraft and spacecraft into the skies and beyond Earth. Each great moment in flight inspired the next generation of aviators to try flying higher, faster and farther as they shaped the course of human history.
Early balloon and airship flights led the way, but the Wright brothers' Flyer demonstration at Kitty Hawk became the milestone celebrated by most people. Daring aviators flew the aircraft descendants of the Wright Flyer as they took on the challenges of flying across the world's oceans and faster than the speed of sound — even leaving the Earth's atmosphere aboard rocket ships as they inaugurated the era of spaceflight.
The First Hot-Air Balloon: Modern flight began with observations of a paper bag rising on the flow of heated air. French brothers Joseph-Michael and Jacques-Ètienne Montgolfier built and flew a number of hot-air balloons starting in 1783 that carried a sheep, a duck, a rooster and eventually human passengers.
The First Powered Airship: The French connection also inspired another big moment for flight. Charles Renard and Arthur C. Krebs, inventors and military officers in the French Army Corps of Engineers, built the first powered airship that could control its flight effectively by using a battery-powered electric motor and wooden propeller.
The Wright Brothers & the First Flight: Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright pioneered the working principles for modern aircraft by flying their Wright Flyer for just 12 seconds during a first test at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The flight of their fragile invention relied upon science and engineering ideas that eventually spawned aerial warfare, worldwide air travel and space exploration.
World's First Commercial Airline: The first scheduled airline passengers didn't get peanuts and soft drinks, but they did get to fly between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Fla., in just 20 minutes — far shorter than the many hours of travel required for a steamship, train or car. The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line heralded a new way for everyone to fly despite lasting just four months after its Jan. 1, 1914, debut.
Charles Lindbergh & the First Solo Transatlantic Flight: Flying across the Atlantic seemed like a job for either very brave or very foolish pilots, especially alone and in a single-engine aircraft such as the Spirit of St. Louis. That did not stop Charles Lindbergh from making the first transatlantic flight in 34 hours and changing the world's views on the possibilities of air travel.
Breaking the Sound Barrier: Only bullets, cannon balls and Superman had broken the sound barrier before Chuck Yeager climbed into a U.S. Air Force experimental rocket-powered aircraft on Oct. 14, 1947. The Bell X-1 used four rocket engines and a shape modeled after a machine gun bullet to help Yeager break the sound barrier and set a new milestone for future aircraft.
The First Man in Space: Yuri Gagarin had to face risky flight conditions and the scary unknowns of spaceflight to become the first human in space on April 12, 1961. His 108-minute orbit of the Earth aboard the Soviet Vostok 1 spacecraft opened the era of manned spaceflight and escalated the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States — a race leading to the first manned moon mission.
Apollo 11: First Men on the Moon: Two U.S. astronauts, Neil Armstrong and "Buzz" Aldrin, became worldwide celebrities when they climbed down their lunar module ladder and set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969. The space explorers left behind their footprints, part of their spacecraft and an American flag to symbolize humanity's first steps on an extraterrestrial surface.
Salyut 1: The First Space Station: Two separate crews of Soviet cosmonauts suffered near-fatal accidents and death during their return trips from the Soviet Salyut 1, the world's first space station. But Salyut 1 still helped pioneer methods for living and working in space over long periods in its 175 days in space following launch in 1971.
Space Shuttle Launches New Era in Exploration: Space shuttle Columbia launched on its first historic flight on April 12, 1981 —20 years to the day after Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. The iconic spacecraft and its four sister ships eventually carried more than 850 astronauts into space over three decades despite the twin tragedies of Challenger and Columbia.
You can follow InnovationNewsDailySenior Writer Jeremy Hsu on Twitter @ScienceHsu. Follow InnovationNewsDaily on Twitter @News_Innovation, or on Facebook.
Related:
The Most Amazing Flying Machines Ever
- The First Airplane: Wright Flyer
- The Red Baron & Aerial Weapons of World War I
- The Zeppelin Hindenburg: When Airships Ruled
- The First Fighter Jet: Me 262 Schwalbe
- SR-71 Blackbird: Supersonic Spy Aircraft
- Saturn V Rocket & Apollo Spacecraft
- Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft
- International Space Station
- SpaceShipOne: First Private Spacecraft
- V-22 Osprey: Controversial Dream Machine
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